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{{Infobox Province or territory of Canada|Name = Prince Edward Island|AlternateName =
Île-du-Prince-Édouard|Fullname = Province of Prince Edward Island|EntityAdjective = Provincial|Flag = Flag of Prince Edward Island.svg|CoatOfArms = Coat of arms of Prince Edward Island.png|Map = Prince Edward Island-map.png|Label_map = no|Motto =
Parva Sub Ingenti(
Latin: The Small Protected By The Great)]|Flower =
Cypripedium acaule|Tree =
Northern Red Oak|Bird =
Blue Jay|LargestCity = [Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island|Premier =
Robert Ghiz|Viceroy = [Barbara Oliver Hagerman|AreaRank = 13th|TotalArea_km2 = 5683.56|LandArea_km2 = 5683.91|WaterArea_km2 = 0|PercentWater = 0|PopulationRank = 10th|Population = 138,627 (est.)|PopulationYear = 2007|DensityRank = 1st|Density_km2 = 23.9|GDP_year = 2006|GDP_total = C$4.32 billion Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory|GDP_rank = 10th|GDP_per_capita = C$31,278|GDP_per_capita_rank = 13th|AdmittanceOrder = 7th|AdmittanceDate = [July 1 1873-4|HouseSeats = 4|SenateSeats = 4|ISOCode = CA-PE|Website = www.gov.pe.ca-->Prince Edward Island ([IPA: /IPA chart for English/) (
PEI or
P.E.I.;
French language:
Île-du-Prince-Édouard;
Scottish Gaelic:
Eilean a’ Phrionns or
Eilean Eòin;
Míkmaq language:
Apekweit or
Epikwetk roughly translated "land cradled in the waves") is a
Canada Provinces of Canada consisting of an
island of the same name. The Maritimes is the smallest in the nation in both land area and population (excluding the territories).
Prince Edward Island has 135,851 residents collectively referred to as
Islanders. It is located in a rectangle defined roughly by 46°–47° N, and 62°–64° 30′ W and at in size, it is the List of islands by area, and
List of Canadian islands by area. The island's namesake is Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent (1767-1820), the father of Victoria of the United Kingdom.
History
Prince Edward Island was originally inhabited by the Mi'kmaq people. They named the island
Abegweit, meaning
Land Cradled on the Waves. They believed that the island was formed by the Great Spirit placing some dark red clay which was shaped as a crescent on the Blue Waters.
As part of the
French colony of Acadia, the island was called
Île Saint-Jean. Roughly one thousand
Acadians lived on the island. However, many fled to the island from mainland Nova Scotia during the British-ordered Great Upheaval of
Acadians in 1755. Many more were forcibly deported in 1758 when British soldiers, under the command of Colonel Andrew Rollo, were ordered by General
Jeffery Amherst to capture the island.
The new British colony of "St. John's Island", also known as the "Island of St. John", was settled by "adventurous Victorian families looking for elegance on the sea. Prince Edward Island became a fashionable retreat in the eighteenth century for British nobility". PEI history (Government of Canada).
In 1798, Great Britain changed the colony's name from St. John's Island to Prince Edward Island to distinguish it from similar names in the Atlantic, such as the cities of
Saint John, New Brunswick and
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. The colony's new name honoured the fourth son of
George III of the United Kingdom, Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent (1767–1820), who was then commanding British troops in City of Halifax. Prince Edward was also the father of Victoria of the United Kingdom.
Joining Canada
In September 1864, Prince Edward Island hosted the Charlottetown Conference, which was the first meeting in the process leading to the Articles of Canadian Confederation and the creation of Canada in 1867. Prince Edward Island did not find the terms of union favourable and balked at joining in 1867, choosing to remain part of the nation of Great Britain and Ireland. In the late 1860s, the colony examined various options, including the possibility of becoming a discrete dominion unto itself, as well as entertaining delegations from the United States, who were interested in Prince Edward Island joining the United States of America.
In the early 1870s, the colony began construction of a
Prince Edward Island Railway and frustrated by Great Britain's Colonial Office, began negotiations with the United States. In 1873,
Prime Minister of Canada Sir John A. Macdonald, anxious to thwart American expansionism and facing the distraction of the
Pacific Scandal, negotiated for Prince Edward Island to join
Canada. The Federal Government of Canada assumed the colony's railway debts and agreed to finance a buy-out of the last of the colony's absentee landlords to free the island of leasehold tenure and from any new migrants entering the island. Prince Edward Island entered Confederation on July 1, 1873.
As a result of having hosted the inaugural meeting of Confederation, the Charlottetown Conference, Prince Edward Island presents itself as the "Birthplace of Confederation" with several buildings, a
Northumberland Ferries Limited vessel, and the
Confederation Bridge, the longest bridge over ice covered waters in the world, The Confederation Bridge (official website). using the term "confederation" in many ways. The most prominent building in the province with this name is the
Confederation Centre of the Arts, presented as a gift to Prince Edward Islanders by the 10 provincial governments and the Federal Government upon the centenary of the Charlottetown Conference, where it stands in Charlottetown as a national monument to the "Fathers of Confederation."
Geography
cliffs at
North Cape, Prince Edward Island enshrouded in fog.Known as the Garden of the Gulf, the island is located in the
Gulf of Saint Lawrence west of Cape Breton Island, north of the Nova Scotia peninsula, and east of New Brunswick. Its southern shore forms the
Northumberland Strait. The island has two urban areas. The largest surrounds Charlottetown Harbour, situated centrally on the island's southern shore, and consists of the capital city Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, as well as suburban towns
Cornwall, Prince Edward Island and
Stratford, Prince Edward Island and a developing urban fringe. A much smaller urban area surrounds Summerside Harbour, situated on the southern shore west of Charlottetown Harbour, and consists primarily of the city of
Summerside, Prince Edward Island. As with all natural harbours on the island, Charlottetown and Summerside harbours are created by
rias.
along a trail in Prince Edward Island National Park in Greenwich, Prince Edward Island.The island's landscape is pastoral: rolling hills, pristine forests, reddish white sand beaches, ocean coves and the famous red soil have given Prince Edward Island a reputation as a province of outstanding natural beauty. The provincial government has enacted a number of laws that attempt to preserve the landscape through regulation, although the lack of consistent enforcement and absence of province-wide zoning and land-use planning has resulted in some aesthetically displeasing development in recent years.
The island's lush landscape has had a strong bearing not only on its economy but also its culture. Author
Lucy Maud Montgomery, drew inspiration from the land during the late Victorian Era for the setting of her classic novel
Anne of Green Gables. Today, many of the same qualities that Montgomery and others found in the Island are enjoyed by tourists who visit during all seasons. They enjoy a variety of leisure activities, including
beaches, various golf courses, eco-tourism adventures, and simply touring the countryside and enjoying cultural events in local communities around the island.
The smaller rural communities as well as the towns and villages throughout the province proudly retain a slower-paced, old world flavour, something that factors heavily into Prince Edward Island's popularity as a destination for relaxation. The popular Canadian television show,
Road to Avonlea, was filmed on Prince Edward Island and, according to creator David McHewen, no film sets were required. Most rural communities on Prince Edward Island are based on
small-scale agriculture, given that the size of farm properties is quite small when compared with other areas in Canada. There is an increasing amount of industrial farming as older farm properties are consolidated and modernized.
The coastline of the island consists of a combination of long beaches,
dunes, red sandstone cliffs, salt water marshes and numerous Headlands and bays and
harbor. The beaches, dunes and sandstone cliffs consist of sedimentary rock and other material with a high iron concentration which oxidation upon exposure to the air. The geological properties of a white silica sand found at
Basin Head, Prince Edward Island are unique in the province; the sand grains cause a scrubbing noise as they rub against each other when walked on, aptly named the singing sands. Large sand dune fields on the north shore can be found on barrier islands at the entrances to various bays and harbours. The magnificent sand dunes at
Greenwich, Prince Edward Island are of particular significance. The shifting, parabolic dune system is home to a variety of birds and rare plants and is also a site of significant
archeological interest.
Demographics
While Prince Edward Island is the most densely populated province in Canada, there are 32
List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population with a larger population than Prince Edward Island. According to the 2001 Canadian census, the largest ethnic group in Prince Edward Island is Scottish people (38.0%), followed by
English people (28.7%),
Irish people (27.9%), French people (21.3%), German people (4.0%), and Dutch people (3.1%) - although almost half of all respondents also identified their ethnicity as "Canadian."
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"|+
Population of Prince Edward Island since 1851|- bgcolor="#cccccc"! Year !! Population !! Mean annual* !! 5-year* !! 10-year* !! Rank**|-|1851 || 62,678 || – || – || – ||rowspan="4" align="center"| 5|1861 || 80,857 || 2.6 || – || 29.0|1871 || 94,021 || 1.5 || – || 16.3|1881 || 108,891 || 1.5 || – || 15.8|1891 || 109,078 || 0.017 || – || 0.2 ||align="center"| 6|1901 || 103,259 || −0.55 || – || -5.3 ||align="center"| 7|1911 || 93,728 || −0.96 || – || -9.2 ||rowspan="4" align="center"| 9|1921 || 88,615 || −0.56 || – || -5.4|1931 || 88,038 || −0.065 || – || -0.7|1941 || 95,047 || 0.77 || – || 8.0|1951 || 98,429 || 0.35 || – || 3.6 ||rowspan="12" align="center"| 10|1956 || 99,285 || 0.17 || 0.9 || –|1961 || 104,629 || 1.1 || 5.4 || 6.3|1966 || 108,535 || 0.74 || 3.7 || 9.3|1971 || 111,635 || 0.56 || 2.9 || 6.7|1976 || 118,225 || 1.2 || 5.9 || 8.9|1981 || 122,506 || 0.7 || 3.6 || 9.7|1986 || 126,640 || 0.67 || 3.4 || 7.1|1991 || 129,765 || 0.49 || 2.5 || 5.9|1996 || 134,557 || 0.73 || 3.7 || 6.3|2001 || 135,294 || 0.11 || 0.5 || 4.2|2006 || 135,851 || NA || 0.4 || NA|}Source: Statistics Canada PEI population trend (Statistics Canada). Population urban and rural, by province and territory (Statistics Canada, 2005).
Communities
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"|+ Ten largest municipalities by population|- bgcolor="#cccccc"! Municipality !! 2001 !! 1996|align="left"|
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island || 32,245a || 32,531|align="left"| Summerside, Prince Edward Island || 14,654b || 15,525|align="left"|
Stratford, Prince Edward Island || 6,314 || 5,869|align="left"| Cornwall, Prince Edward Island || 4,412 || 4,291|align="left"|
Lot 34, Prince Edward Island || 2,344 || 2,180|align="left"| Montague, Prince Edward Island || 1,945 || 1,995|align="left"| Lot 1, Prince Edward Islandc || 1,900 || 1,936|align="left"| Lot 65, Prince Edward Island || 1,829 || 1,595|align="left"|
Lot 19, Prince Edward Island || 1,775 || 1,759|align="left"|
Lot 2, Prince Edward Islandd || 1,720 || 1,766|-|colspan="3" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"| a Agglomerated population: 58,358.b Agglomerated population: 16,200.c Tignish and surrounding area.d St. Louis/Elmsdale area.|}
Economy
The provincial economy is dominated by the seasonal industries of agriculture, tourism, and the fishery. The province is limited in terms of heavy industry and manufacturing. Although commercial deposits of minerals have not been found, exploration for
natural gas beneath the eastern end of the province has resulted in the discovery of an as yet undisclosed quantity of gas.
Agriculture remains the dominant industry in the provincial economy, as it has since colonial times. During the twentieth century, potatoes have replaced mixed farming as the leading cash crop, accounting for one-third of provincial farm income. The province currently accounts for a third of Canada's total potato production, producing approximately 1300 million Kilogram annually. PEI Potato, potato production figures. Comparatively, the state of Idaho produces approximately 6200 million Kilogram annually, with a population approximately 9.5 times greater than PEI. Idaho Potator Production PEI is a major producer of seed potatoes, exporting to more than twenty countries around the world.
Many of the province's coastal communities rely upon shellfish harvesting, particularly
lobster fishing Lobster Fishing (PEIonline). as well as oyster fishing and mussel farming.
helped link PEI to
New Brunswick.Prince Edward Island's transportation network has traditionally revolved around its seaports – Charlottetown, Summerside, Borden, Georgetown, and Souris – all linked to its railway system, and airports (Charlottetown and Summerside) for communication with mainland North America. The railway system was abandoned by Canadian National in 1989 in favour of an agreement with the federal government to improve major highways. Until
1997, the province was linked by two passenger-vehicle
ferry services to the mainland: one, provided by
Marine Atlantic, operated year-round between
Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island and
Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick; the other, provided by
Northumberland Ferries Limited, operates seasonally between
Wood Islands, Prince Edward Island and Caribou, Nova Scotia. A third ferry service provided by
Coopérative de transport maritime et aérien operates seasonally between Souris, Prince Edward Island and
Cap-aux-Meules, Quebec and connects with Quebec's Magdalen Islands.
On
June 1, 1997, the Confederation Bridge opened, connecting Borden-Carleton to Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick and replacing the Marine Atlantic ferry service. Since then, the Confederation Bridge's assured transportation link to the mainland has altered the province's tourism and agricultural and fisheries export economies.
Education
Prince Edward Island is home to one provincial university, the
University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), located in Charlottetown. The university was formed from the merger of
Prince of Wales College and St. Dunstan's University. UPEI is home to the
Atlantic Veterinary College, which offers the region's only veterinary medicine program.
Holland College is the provincial
community college, with campuses across the province, including specialized facilities such as the Atlantic Police Academy, Marine Training Centre, and the Culinary Institute of Canada.
The College of Piping and Celtic Performing Arts of Canada, located in
Summerside, Prince Edward Island, specializes in the instruction of
bagpipe and other traditional Scotland and Ireland performance art such as Scottish highland dance.
Sport
- Prince Edward Island competes in the bi-annual International Island Games Association, which it is bidding to host in 2013.
- P.E.I. Rocket play in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League.
Miscellany
- The island has several nicknames: Epikwetk (Abegweit), a Míkmaq language word meaning "Cradled in the Waves"; "Garden of the Gulf" referring to the pastoral scenery and lush agricultural lands throughout the province; and "Birthplace of Confederation", referring to the Charlottetown Conference in 1864. Among some Islanders, it is also referred to as "Potholes Every Inch", a joking reference to PEI's sub-par road conditions in some locations . Another long-standing nickname, "Million Acre Farm", is no longer accurate now that only half of the Island's 1,398,000 acres are cultivated.
- On August 1, 1758, Jeffery Amherst, commander of the British forces in North America, ordered Colonel Andrew Rollo to capture what is now PEI and expel the remaining Acadians. Rollo Bay is named after the Colonel.
- Currently 15% of all electricity consumed on the island is generated from renewable energy (largely wind turbines); the provincial government has set renewable energy targets as high as 30-50% for electricity consumed by 2015. Until wind generation, the province has relied on electricity imports on a submarine cable from New Brunswick. A thermal oil-fired generating station in Charlottetown is also available; PEI has the highest electricity rates in Canada.
- In recent decades, the province has shown statistically significant and abnormally high rate of diagnosed rare cancers. Health officials, ecologists and environmental activists point to the use of pesticides for industrial potato farming as a primary contaminant. However, the high percentage of smokers, alcohol consumption and the highest obesity rate in Canada would more than likely be a stronger factor than pesticides.
- Until May 1, 1924, automobiles drove on the left side of the road.
- The Prince Edward Island Railway (Canadian Government Railways after 1915, Canadian National Railways after 1918) was a narrow gauge railways system when it was built in 1873. Converted to standard gauge by 1930, the railway was abandoned province-wide in 1989.
- The world's fur-farming industry started with fox fur on a farm in Prince County.
- The province has very strict laws regarding use of road-side signs. Billboards and the use of portable signs are banned. There are standard directional information signs on all roads in the province for various businesses and attractions in the immediate area. Some municipalities' by-laws also restrict the types of permanent signs that may be installed on private property.
- PEI is the only province yet to ratify the National Building Code of Canada.
- The Island has recently become home to a small population of a unique form of coyote, closely related to wolves, which evolved in neighbouring Maritime provinces. It is believed the coyotes "landed" on the Island by crossing the ice which had formed in the Northumberland Strait during the winter months.
- Repeal of Prohibition#Canada was vetoed in 1945 by then Bradford William LePage. Repeal of prohibition (PEI Government).
- As a legacy of the Islanders' colonial history, the provincial government enforces extremely strict rules as regards non-resident land ownership. Residents and corporations are limited to maximum holdings of 400 and 1200 hectares (4 and 12 km²) respectively. There are also restrictions on non-resident ownership of shorelines. Recreational properties, the majority of which are owned by non-residents, incur higher property taxation.
- Among the Canadian provinces during the Second World War, PEI produced the highest per capita voluntary enlistment rate in the armed forces.
- In 1986, Prince Edward Island is the first province in Canada to elect a premier of partial non-European descent (Joseph Atallah Ghiz). His son was subsequently elected to the post in 2007, the second PEI premier of partial non-European descent.
- It is also the first province in Canada to elect a female Premier (Catherine Callbeck) in 1993; both the Lieutenant Governor and the Leader of the Official Opposition at that time were also female. British Columbia had a female Premier prior to Callbeck (Rita Johnston), although she did not win a provincial election.
- Prince Edward Island, along with most rural regions in North America, is experiencing an accelerated rate of youth emigration. The provincial government has projected that public school enrolment will decline by 40% during the 2010s.
- The provincial government provides consumer protection in the form of regulation for certain items, ranging from apartment rent increases to petroleum products including Gasoline, diesel, propane and heating oil. These are all regulated through the Island Regulatory and Appeals Commisssion (IRAC). Island Regulatory and Appeals Commission (PEI Government). IRAC is authorized to limit the number of companies who are permitted to sell petroleum products.
- Prince Edward Island has Canada's highest provincial retail sales tax rate, currently (2007) set at 10%. The tax is applied to almost all goods and services except some clothing, food and home heating fuel. The tax is also applied to the Federal Goods and Services Tax (Canada).
- Prince Edward Island has a three-tier waste management system called Waste Watch, operated by the Island Waste Management Corporation, a Crown Corporation. The program is mandatory and has reduced the amount of waste on the island by 64%. Island Waste Management Corporation - Waste reduction (PEI Government). Consequently, the province is a national leader in landfill diversion and recycling.
- Until January 1, 2008 it is illegal to sell canned carbonated beverages such as soft drink in which it was banned in 1984. Beer sold in cans was banned in 1976, however the ban is to be lifted as early as the Summer of 2007. The new Provincial Government, led by Robert Ghiz, has put an indefinite delay on the transition to canned beverages.
- The province only requires license plates on the rear of motorized vehicles. Many vehicles have novelty plates, or plates advertising car dealerships, on the front.
- Prince Edward Island has a high level of political representation, with four Canadian House of Commons, four Canadian Senate, 27 Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island and two cities, seven towns and sixty incorporated rural communities yielding over five hundred municipal councillors and mayors. This give a total of 566 elected officials for a population (as of 2006) of 135,851.
- Prince Edward Island is twinned with County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland.
- Prince Edward Island became the site of the first ever American military intrusion of foreign land in 1775, when the settlement of Charlottetown was raided by a pair of American employed privateers.
- In his Dies the Fire novels, set in a post-catastrophic world where electronics, gunpowder, internal combustion and steam-power stop working on March 18th, 1998, author S. M. Stirling has Prince Edward Island - because of its isolation, small population and very, very good luck - as basically the only area of the North American East Coast to survive 'The Change' with any kind of civilisation intact. PEI then becomes part of a reconstructed Greater British Empire and the seedbed for recolonisation of that side of the continent over future generations.
Gallery
Image:Newglasgowpano2.jpg|Panorama of the banks of the Hunter River in New Glasgow, Prince Edward IslandImage:prince edward island sandstone arch.jpg|Sandstone archImage:prince edward island zz.jpg
See also
Footnotes
References
- Arsenault, Georges. The Island Acadians Charlottetown, P.E.I.: Ragweed, 1989. 296 pp.
- Baglole, Harry, ed. Exploring Island History: A Guide to the Historical Resources of Prince Edward Island. Belfast, P.E.I.: Ragweed, 1977
- Bolger, Francis W. P., ed. Canada's Smallest Province: A History of Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown: Prince Edward Island Centennial Comm., 1973. 403 pp.
- Boyde Beck. Prince Edward Island: An (Un)Authorized History (1996)
- Bumsted, J. M. Land, Settlement, and Politics on Eighteenth-Century Prince Edward Island. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 1987. 238 pp.
- Clark, A. H. Three Centuries and the Island. A Historical Geography of Settlement and Agriculture in Prince Edward Island, Canada (1959) very broad look at historical geography
- Ives, Edward D. Drive Dull Care Away: Folksongs from Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown, P.E.I.: Inst. of Island Studies, 1999. 269 pp.
- W. Ross Livingston; Responsible Government in Prince Edward Island: A Triumph of Self-Government under the Crown. 1931. online
- MacKinnon, Wayne. The Life of the Party: A History of the Liberal Party in Prince Edward Island. Summerside: Liberal Party of Prince Edward Island, 1973. 153 pp.
- MacKinnon, Frank. Church Politics and Education in Canada: The P.E.I. Experience. Calgary, Alta.: Detselig, 1995. 144 pp.
- Sharpe, Errol. A People's History of Prince Edward Island. Toronto: Steel Rail, 1976. 252 pp.
- Smitheram, Verner; Milne, David; and Dasgupta, Satadal, ed. The Garden Transformed: Prince Edward Island, 1945-1980. Charlottetown, P.E.I.: Ragweed, 1982. 271 pp.
- Weale, David and Baglole, Harry. The Island and Confederation: The End of an Era. Summerside, P. E. I.: Williams and Crue, 1973. 166 pp.
External links
- Prince Edward Island Official Visitor's Guide
- Acadian Ancestral Home - Acadian, history, census records & genealogy
- The Government of Prince Edward Island
- Satellite image of Prince Edward Island (interactive)
- CBC Digital Archives - PEI Elections: Liberal landslides and Tory tides
- The official website about the Island Waste Management Corporation
{{Infobox Province or territory of Canada|Name = Prince Edward Island|AlternateName =
Île-du-Prince-Édouard|Fullname = Province of Prince Edward Island|EntityAdjective = Provincial|Flag = Flag of Prince Edward Island.svg|CoatOfArms = Coat of arms of Prince Edward Island.png|Map = Prince Edward Island-map.png|Label_map = no|Motto =
Parva Sub Ingenti(
Latin: The Small Protected By The Great)]|Flower =
Cypripedium acaule|Tree = Northern Red Oak|Bird =
Blue Jay|LargestCity = [Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island|Premier = Robert Ghiz|Viceroy = [Barbara Oliver Hagerman|AreaRank = 13th|TotalArea_km2 = 5683.56|LandArea_km2 = 5683.91|WaterArea_km2 = 0|PercentWater = 0|PopulationRank = 10th|Population = 138,627 (est.)|PopulationYear = 2007|DensityRank = 1st|Density_km2 = 23.9|GDP_year = 2006|GDP_total = C$4.32 billion Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory|GDP_rank = 10th|GDP_per_capita = C$31,278|GDP_per_capita_rank = 13th|AdmittanceOrder = 7th|AdmittanceDate = [July 1 1873-4|HouseSeats = 4|SenateSeats = 4|ISOCode = CA-PE|Website = www.gov.pe.ca-->
Prince Edward Island ([IPA: /
IPA chart for English/) (
PEI or
P.E.I.;
French language:
Île-du-Prince-Édouard; Scottish Gaelic:
Eilean a’ Phrionns or
Eilean Eòin;
Míkmaq language:
Apekweit or
Epikwetk roughly translated "land cradled in the waves") is a
Canada Provinces of Canada consisting of an
island of the same name. The Maritimes is the smallest in the nation in both land area and population (excluding the territories).
Prince Edward Island has 135,851 residents collectively referred to as
Islanders. It is located in a rectangle defined roughly by 46°–47° N, and 62°–64° 30′ W and at in size, it is the
List of islands by area, and
List of Canadian islands by area. The island's namesake is
Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent (1767-1820), the father of
Victoria of the United Kingdom.
History
Prince Edward Island was originally inhabited by the
Mi'kmaq people. They named the island
Abegweit, meaning
Land Cradled on the Waves. They believed that the island was formed by the Great Spirit placing some dark red clay which was shaped as a crescent on the Blue Waters.
As part of the French colony of Acadia, the island was called
Île Saint-Jean. Roughly one thousand
Acadians lived on the island. However, many fled to the island from mainland Nova Scotia during the British-ordered Great Upheaval of Acadians in 1755. Many more were forcibly deported in 1758 when British soldiers, under the command of Colonel Andrew Rollo, were ordered by General
Jeffery Amherst to capture the island.
The new British colony of "St. John's Island", also known as the "Island of St. John", was settled by "adventurous Victorian families looking for elegance on the sea. Prince Edward Island became a fashionable retreat in the eighteenth century for British nobility". PEI history (Government of Canada).
In 1798, Great Britain changed the colony's name from St. John's Island to Prince Edward Island to distinguish it from similar names in the Atlantic, such as the cities of
Saint John, New Brunswick and
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. The colony's new name honoured the fourth son of George III of the United Kingdom, Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent (1767–1820), who was then commanding British troops in
City of Halifax. Prince Edward was also the father of Victoria of the United Kingdom.
Joining Canada
In September 1864, Prince Edward Island hosted the Charlottetown Conference, which was the first meeting in the process leading to the Articles of Canadian Confederation and the creation of Canada in 1867. Prince Edward Island did not find the terms of union favourable and balked at joining in 1867, choosing to remain part of the nation of Great Britain and Ireland. In the late 1860s, the colony examined various options, including the possibility of becoming a discrete dominion unto itself, as well as entertaining delegations from the
United States, who were interested in Prince Edward Island joining the United States of America.
In the early 1870s, the colony began construction of a Prince Edward Island Railway and frustrated by Great Britain's Colonial Office, began negotiations with the United States. In 1873, Prime Minister of Canada Sir John A. Macdonald, anxious to thwart American expansionism and facing the distraction of the Pacific Scandal, negotiated for Prince Edward Island to join Canada. The Federal Government of Canada assumed the colony's railway debts and agreed to finance a buy-out of the last of the colony's absentee landlords to free the island of leasehold tenure and from any new migrants entering the island. Prince Edward Island entered Confederation on July 1, 1873.
As a result of having hosted the inaugural meeting of Confederation, the
Charlottetown Conference, Prince Edward Island presents itself as the "Birthplace of Confederation" with several buildings, a
Northumberland Ferries Limited vessel, and the Confederation Bridge, the longest bridge over ice covered waters in the world, The Confederation Bridge (official website). using the term "confederation" in many ways. The most prominent building in the province with this name is the
Confederation Centre of the Arts, presented as a gift to Prince Edward Islanders by the 10 provincial governments and the Federal Government upon the centenary of the Charlottetown Conference, where it stands in Charlottetown as a national monument to the "Fathers of Confederation."
Geography
cliffs at
North Cape, Prince Edward Island enshrouded in fog.Known as the Garden of the Gulf, the island is located in the
Gulf of Saint Lawrence west of Cape Breton Island, north of the Nova Scotia peninsula, and east of New Brunswick. Its southern shore forms the
Northumberland Strait. The island has two urban areas. The largest surrounds Charlottetown Harbour, situated centrally on the island's southern shore, and consists of the capital city
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, as well as suburban towns
Cornwall, Prince Edward Island and
Stratford, Prince Edward Island and a developing
urban fringe. A much smaller urban area surrounds Summerside Harbour, situated on the southern shore west of Charlottetown Harbour, and consists primarily of the city of Summerside, Prince Edward Island. As with all natural harbours on the island, Charlottetown and Summerside harbours are created by rias.
along a trail in Prince Edward Island National Park in
Greenwich, Prince Edward Island.The island's landscape is pastoral: rolling hills, pristine forests, reddish white sand beaches, ocean coves and the famous red soil have given Prince Edward Island a reputation as a province of outstanding natural beauty. The provincial government has enacted a number of laws that attempt to preserve the landscape through regulation, although the lack of consistent enforcement and absence of province-wide
zoning and land-use planning has resulted in some aesthetically displeasing development in recent years.
The island's lush landscape has had a strong bearing not only on its economy but also its culture. Author
Lucy Maud Montgomery, drew inspiration from the land during the late
Victorian Era for the setting of her classic novel
Anne of Green Gables. Today, many of the same qualities that Montgomery and others found in the Island are enjoyed by tourists who visit during all seasons. They enjoy a variety of leisure activities, including
beaches, various golf courses,
eco-tourism adventures, and simply touring the countryside and enjoying cultural events in local communities around the island.
The smaller rural communities as well as the towns and villages throughout the province proudly retain a slower-paced, old world flavour, something that factors heavily into Prince Edward Island's popularity as a destination for relaxation. The popular Canadian television show,
Road to Avonlea, was filmed on Prince Edward Island and, according to creator David McHewen, no film sets were required. Most rural communities on Prince Edward Island are based on
small-scale agriculture, given that the size of farm properties is quite small when compared with other areas in Canada. There is an increasing amount of industrial farming as older farm properties are consolidated and modernized.
The coastline of the island consists of a combination of long beaches, dunes, red
sandstone cliffs, salt water
marshes and numerous Headlands and bays and harbor. The beaches, dunes and sandstone cliffs consist of sedimentary rock and other material with a high
iron concentration which
oxidation upon exposure to the air. The geological properties of a white silica sand found at Basin Head, Prince Edward Island are unique in the province; the sand grains cause a scrubbing noise as they rub against each other when walked on, aptly named the singing sands. Large
sand dune fields on the north shore can be found on barrier islands at the entrances to various bays and harbours. The magnificent sand dunes at Greenwich, Prince Edward Island are of particular significance. The shifting, parabolic dune system is home to a variety of birds and rare plants and is also a site of significant archeological interest.
Demographics
While Prince Edward Island is the most densely populated province in Canada, there are 32 List of the 100 largest municipalities in Canada by population with a larger population than Prince Edward Island. According to the 2001 Canadian census, the largest ethnic group in Prince Edward Island is
Scottish people (38.0%), followed by
English people (28.7%),
Irish people (27.9%), French people (21.3%), German people (4.0%), and Dutch people (3.1%) - although almost half of all respondents also identified their ethnicity as "Canadian."
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"|+
Population of Prince Edward Island since 1851|- bgcolor="#cccccc"! Year !! Population !! Mean annual* !! 5-year* !! 10-year* !! Rank**|-|1851 || 62,678 || – || – || – ||rowspan="4" align="center"| 5|1861 || 80,857 || 2.6 || – || 29.0|1871 || 94,021 || 1.5 || – || 16.3|1881 || 108,891 || 1.5 || – || 15.8|1891 || 109,078 || 0.017 || – || 0.2 ||align="center"| 6|1901 || 103,259 || −0.55 || – || -5.3 ||align="center"| 7|1911 || 93,728 || −0.96 || – || -9.2 ||rowspan="4" align="center"| 9|1921 || 88,615 || −0.56 || – || -5.4|1931 || 88,038 || −0.065 || – || -0.7|1941 || 95,047 || 0.77 || – || 8.0|1951 || 98,429 || 0.35 || – || 3.6 ||rowspan="12" align="center"| 10|1956 || 99,285 || 0.17 || 0.9 || –|1961 || 104,629 || 1.1 || 5.4 || 6.3|1966 || 108,535 || 0.74 || 3.7 || 9.3|1971 || 111,635 || 0.56 || 2.9 || 6.7|1976 || 118,225 || 1.2 || 5.9 || 8.9|1981 || 122,506 || 0.7 || 3.6 || 9.7|1986 || 126,640 || 0.67 || 3.4 || 7.1|1991 || 129,765 || 0.49 || 2.5 || 5.9|1996 || 134,557 || 0.73 || 3.7 || 6.3|2001 || 135,294 || 0.11 || 0.5 || 4.2|2006 || 135,851 || NA || 0.4 || NA|}Source: Statistics Canada PEI population trend (Statistics Canada). Population urban and rural, by province and territory (Statistics Canada, 2005).
Communities
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"|+ Ten largest municipalities by population|- bgcolor="#cccccc"! Municipality !! 2001 !! 1996|align="left"|
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island || 32,245a || 32,531|align="left"|
Summerside, Prince Edward Island || 14,654b || 15,525|align="left"|
Stratford, Prince Edward Island || 6,314 || 5,869|align="left"| Cornwall, Prince Edward Island || 4,412 || 4,291|align="left"|
Lot 34, Prince Edward Island || 2,344 || 2,180|align="left"| Montague, Prince Edward Island || 1,945 || 1,995|align="left"| Lot 1, Prince Edward Islandc || 1,900 || 1,936|align="left"| Lot 65, Prince Edward Island || 1,829 || 1,595|align="left"| Lot 19, Prince Edward Island || 1,775 || 1,759|align="left"| Lot 2, Prince Edward Islandd || 1,720 || 1,766|-|colspan="3" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"| a Agglomerated population: 58,358.b Agglomerated population: 16,200.c Tignish and surrounding area.d St. Louis/Elmsdale area.|}
Economy
The provincial economy is dominated by the seasonal industries of agriculture, tourism, and the
fishery. The province is limited in terms of heavy industry and manufacturing. Although commercial deposits of minerals have not been found, exploration for natural gas beneath the eastern end of the province has resulted in the discovery of an as yet undisclosed quantity of gas.
Agriculture remains the dominant industry in the provincial economy, as it has since colonial times. During the twentieth century, potatoes have replaced mixed farming as the leading cash crop, accounting for one-third of provincial farm income. The province currently accounts for a third of Canada's total potato production, producing approximately 1300 million Kilogram annually. PEI Potato, potato production figures. Comparatively, the state of Idaho produces approximately 6200 million Kilogram annually, with a population approximately 9.5 times greater than PEI. Idaho Potator Production PEI is a major producer of seed potatoes, exporting to more than twenty countries around the world.
Many of the province's coastal communities rely upon shellfish harvesting, particularly lobster fishing Lobster Fishing (PEIonline). as well as oyster fishing and
mussel farming.
helped link PEI to New Brunswick.Prince Edward Island's transportation network has traditionally revolved around its seaports – Charlottetown, Summerside, Borden, Georgetown, and Souris – all linked to its railway system, and airports (Charlottetown and Summerside) for communication with mainland North America. The railway system was abandoned by Canadian National in 1989 in favour of an agreement with the federal government to improve major highways. Until 1997, the province was linked by two passenger-vehicle
ferry services to the mainland: one, provided by
Marine Atlantic, operated year-round between
Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island and Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick; the other, provided by
Northumberland Ferries Limited, operates seasonally between
Wood Islands, Prince Edward Island and Caribou, Nova Scotia. A third ferry service provided by
Coopérative de transport maritime et aérien operates seasonally between
Souris, Prince Edward Island and
Cap-aux-Meules, Quebec and connects with Quebec's
Magdalen Islands.
On June 1, 1997, the
Confederation Bridge opened, connecting Borden-Carleton to
Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick and replacing the Marine Atlantic ferry service. Since then, the Confederation Bridge's assured transportation link to the mainland has altered the province's tourism and agricultural and fisheries export economies.
Education
Prince Edward Island is home to one provincial university, the University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), located in
Charlottetown. The university was formed from the merger of
Prince of Wales College and
St. Dunstan's University. UPEI is home to the Atlantic Veterinary College, which offers the region's only veterinary medicine program.
Holland College is the provincial
community college, with campuses across the province, including specialized facilities such as the Atlantic Police Academy, Marine Training Centre, and the Culinary Institute of Canada.
The College of Piping and Celtic Performing Arts of Canada, located in Summerside, Prince Edward Island, specializes in the instruction of bagpipe and other traditional Scotland and
Ireland performance art such as Scottish highland dance.
Sport
- Prince Edward Island competes in the bi-annual International Island Games Association, which it is bidding to host in 2013.
- P.E.I. Rocket play in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League.
Miscellany
- The island has several nicknames: Epikwetk (Abegweit), a Míkmaq language word meaning "Cradled in the Waves"; "Garden of the Gulf" referring to the pastoral scenery and lush agricultural lands throughout the province; and "Birthplace of Confederation", referring to the Charlottetown Conference in 1864. Among some Islanders, it is also referred to as "Potholes Every Inch", a joking reference to PEI's sub-par road conditions in some locations . Another long-standing nickname, "Million Acre Farm", is no longer accurate now that only half of the Island's 1,398,000 acres are cultivated.
- On August 1, 1758, Jeffery Amherst, commander of the British forces in North America, ordered Colonel Andrew Rollo to capture what is now PEI and expel the remaining Acadians. Rollo Bay is named after the Colonel.
- Currently 15% of all electricity consumed on the island is generated from renewable energy (largely wind turbines); the provincial government has set renewable energy targets as high as 30-50% for electricity consumed by 2015. Until wind generation, the province has relied on electricity imports on a submarine cable from New Brunswick. A thermal oil-fired generating station in Charlottetown is also available; PEI has the highest electricity rates in Canada.
- In recent decades, the province has shown statistically significant and abnormally high rate of diagnosed rare cancers. Health officials, ecologists and environmental activists point to the use of pesticides for industrial potato farming as a primary contaminant. However, the high percentage of smokers, alcohol consumption and the highest obesity rate in Canada would more than likely be a stronger factor than pesticides.
- Until May 1, 1924, automobiles drove on the left side of the road.
- The Prince Edward Island Railway (Canadian Government Railways after 1915, Canadian National Railways after 1918) was a narrow gauge railways system when it was built in 1873. Converted to standard gauge by 1930, the railway was abandoned province-wide in 1989.
- The world's fur-farming industry started with fox fur on a farm in Prince County.
- The province has very strict laws regarding use of road-side signs. Billboards and the use of portable signs are banned. There are standard directional information signs on all roads in the province for various businesses and attractions in the immediate area. Some municipalities' by-laws also restrict the types of permanent signs that may be installed on private property.
- PEI is the only province yet to ratify the National Building Code of Canada.
- The Island has recently become home to a small population of a unique form of coyote, closely related to wolves, which evolved in neighbouring Maritime provinces. It is believed the coyotes "landed" on the Island by crossing the ice which had formed in the Northumberland Strait during the winter months.
- Repeal of Prohibition#Canada was vetoed in 1945 by then Bradford William LePage. Repeal of prohibition (PEI Government).
- As a legacy of the Islanders' colonial history, the provincial government enforces extremely strict rules as regards non-resident land ownership. Residents and corporations are limited to maximum holdings of 400 and 1200 hectares (4 and 12 km²) respectively. There are also restrictions on non-resident ownership of shorelines. Recreational properties, the majority of which are owned by non-residents, incur higher property taxation.
- Among the Canadian provinces during the Second World War, PEI produced the highest per capita voluntary enlistment rate in the armed forces.
- In 1986, Prince Edward Island is the first province in Canada to elect a premier of partial non-European descent (Joseph Atallah Ghiz). His son was subsequently elected to the post in 2007, the second PEI premier of partial non-European descent.
- It is also the first province in Canada to elect a female Premier (Catherine Callbeck) in 1993; both the Lieutenant Governor and the Leader of the Official Opposition at that time were also female. British Columbia had a female Premier prior to Callbeck (Rita Johnston), although she did not win a provincial election.
- Prince Edward Island, along with most rural regions in North America, is experiencing an accelerated rate of youth emigration. The provincial government has projected that public school enrolment will decline by 40% during the 2010s.
- The provincial government provides consumer protection in the form of regulation for certain items, ranging from apartment rent increases to petroleum products including Gasoline, diesel, propane and heating oil. These are all regulated through the Island Regulatory and Appeals Commisssion (IRAC). Island Regulatory and Appeals Commission (PEI Government). IRAC is authorized to limit the number of companies who are permitted to sell petroleum products.
- Prince Edward Island has Canada's highest provincial retail sales tax rate, currently (2007) set at 10%. The tax is applied to almost all goods and services except some clothing, food and home heating fuel. The tax is also applied to the Federal Goods and Services Tax (Canada).
- Prince Edward Island has a three-tier waste management system called Waste Watch, operated by the Island Waste Management Corporation, a Crown Corporation. The program is mandatory and has reduced the amount of waste on the island by 64%. Island Waste Management Corporation - Waste reduction (PEI Government). Consequently, the province is a national leader in landfill diversion and recycling.
- Until January 1, 2008 it is illegal to sell canned carbonated beverages such as soft drink in which it was banned in 1984. Beer sold in cans was banned in 1976, however the ban is to be lifted as early as the Summer of 2007. The new Provincial Government, led by Robert Ghiz, has put an indefinite delay on the transition to canned beverages.
- The province only requires license plates on the rear of motorized vehicles. Many vehicles have novelty plates, or plates advertising car dealerships, on the front.
- Prince Edward Island has a high level of political representation, with four Canadian House of Commons, four Canadian Senate, 27 Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island and two cities, seven towns and sixty incorporated rural communities yielding over five hundred municipal councillors and mayors. This give a total of 566 elected officials for a population (as of 2006) of 135,851.
- Prince Edward Island is twinned with County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland.
- Prince Edward Island became the site of the first ever American military intrusion of foreign land in 1775, when the settlement of Charlottetown was raided by a pair of American employed privateers.
- In his Dies the Fire novels, set in a post-catastrophic world where electronics, gunpowder, internal combustion and steam-power stop working on March 18th, 1998, author S. M. Stirling has Prince Edward Island - because of its isolation, small population and very, very good luck - as basically the only area of the North American East Coast to survive 'The Change' with any kind of civilisation intact. PEI then becomes part of a reconstructed Greater British Empire and the seedbed for recolonisation of that side of the continent over future generations.
Gallery
Image:Newglasgowpano2.jpg|Panorama of the banks of the Hunter River in
New Glasgow, Prince Edward IslandImage:prince edward island sandstone arch.jpg|Sandstone archImage:prince edward island zz.jpg
See also
Footnotes
References
- Arsenault, Georges. The Island Acadians Charlottetown, P.E.I.: Ragweed, 1989. 296 pp.
- Baglole, Harry, ed. Exploring Island History: A Guide to the Historical Resources of Prince Edward Island. Belfast, P.E.I.: Ragweed, 1977
- Bolger, Francis W. P., ed. Canada's Smallest Province: A History of Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown: Prince Edward Island Centennial Comm., 1973. 403 pp.
- Boyde Beck. Prince Edward Island: An (Un)Authorized History (1996)
- Bumsted, J. M. Land, Settlement, and Politics on Eighteenth-Century Prince Edward Island. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 1987. 238 pp.
- Clark, A. H. Three Centuries and the Island. A Historical Geography of Settlement and Agriculture in Prince Edward Island, Canada (1959) very broad look at historical geography
- Ives, Edward D. Drive Dull Care Away: Folksongs from Prince Edward Island. Charlottetown, P.E.I.: Inst. of Island Studies, 1999. 269 pp.
- W. Ross Livingston; Responsible Government in Prince Edward Island: A Triumph of Self-Government under the Crown. 1931. online
- MacKinnon, Wayne. The Life of the Party: A History of the Liberal Party in Prince Edward Island. Summerside: Liberal Party of Prince Edward Island, 1973. 153 pp.
- MacKinnon, Frank. Church Politics and Education in Canada: The P.E.I. Experience. Calgary, Alta.: Detselig, 1995. 144 pp.
- Sharpe, Errol. A People's History of Prince Edward Island. Toronto: Steel Rail, 1976. 252 pp.
- Smitheram, Verner; Milne, David; and Dasgupta, Satadal, ed. The Garden Transformed: Prince Edward Island, 1945-1980. Charlottetown, P.E.I.: Ragweed, 1982. 271 pp.
- Weale, David and Baglole, Harry. The Island and Confederation: The End of an Era. Summerside, P. E. I.: Williams and Crue, 1973. 166 pp.
External links
- Prince Edward Island Official Visitor's Guide
- Acadian Ancestral Home - Acadian, history, census records & genealogy
- The Government of Prince Edward Island
- Satellite image of Prince Edward Island (interactive)
- CBC Digital Archives - PEI Elections: Liberal landslides and Tory tides
- The official website about the Island Waste Management Corporation
